白腐真菌组合培养提高漆酶酶活的作用机制研究

采用白腐真菌组合培养的方式提高漆酶酶活,并对组合后菌株相互作用机制进行了研究.菌株55(Trametes trogii)和菌株m-6(Trametes versicolor)组合后漆酶酶活较菌株55和m-6分别提高了24.13倍和4.07倍;组合后菌株间不存在抑制作用;平板培养时,两菌株菌丝生长止于菌丝交界处,该处漆酶酶活最高并分泌褐色色素;液体培养时,菌株m-6对组合后漆酶酶活的提高起着更为重要的作用:向菌株55的培养物中添加菌块m-6,其酶活比向菌株m-6培养物中添加菌块55时的酶活高7.03倍,并且菌株m-6胞外物对菌株55的漆酶分泌也有明显的刺激作用,其中加入20 mL过滤灭菌胞外物可使菌株55漆酶酶活提高6.79倍,而且胞外物高温灭菌后仍能刺激菌株55的漆酶分泌,加入20mL后酶活比对照高4.60倍;Native-PAGE活性染色结果表明组合后同工酶种类未发生变化,但有3种同工酶的浓度升高.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属分离效果影响因素研究

采用重庆同兴垃圾焚烧发电厂产生的焚烧飞灰,在感应炉上进行熔融处理实验研究,探讨了熔融温度、熔融时间、碱度等因素对熔融过程中重金属分离效果的影响.结果表明,重金属的挥发率按其熔沸点高低区分明显,Pb、Zn和Cd的挥发率较高,分别为80%、60%和95%左右;Cr、Mn的挥发率均低于10%.随着熔融时间、熔融温度和碱度的增加,Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Cr的挥发率变化趋势不明显;铁浴熔融方式可进一步促进Zn、Pb、Hg的挥发,有利于Cr、Cu从熔渣中分离出来,与生铁形成合金.对熔渣的浸出毒性测试结果表明,重金属元素的浸出毒性均可达标(GB5085.3-1996).     

Comparative study of microbial community structure in di erent filter media of constructed wetland

Comparisons of microbial community structure, in eight filter media of zeolites, anthracite, shale, vermiculite, ceramic filter media, gravel, steel slag and bio-ceramic, were undertaken by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition. A total of 20 fatty acids in the range of C11 to C20 were determined but only 13 PLFAs were detected in steel slag. They consist of saturated fatty acids, branched fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The variation of fatty acids was revealed in the relative proportions of these fatty acids in di erent media. The aerobic prokaryotes were the predominant group in all media. The PLFA composition showed significant di erences among the eight di erent media by Tukey’s honestly test. It was found that steel slag was significantly di erent in the microbial community as compared to other filter media, probably due to its alkaline e uent. Steel slag alone is probably not a good choice of substratum in constructed wetlands. The principle components analysis (PCA) showed that zeolites, bio-ceramic, shale and vermiculite had a similar microbial community structure while steel slag and ceramic filter media were distinct from other media.     

Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UPLC-MS/MS

The method for detecting N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was improved by optimizing the clean-up procedure to remove the matrix interference in pretreatment process, and was then applied to a survey of NDMA in both raw and finished water samples from five water treatment plants in South China. The NDMA concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 15.1 ng/L in raw water samples, and from 4.68 to 46.9 ng/L in finished water. The NDMA concentration in raw water was found to be related with nitrite concentration, and during the treatment, the NDMA concentration increased following ozonation but decreased after subsequent activated carbon treatment.     

活性污泥高质量RNA快速提取方法研究

通过比较RNA产量、纯度、降解程度、特定基因的扩增能力、微生物多样性等评价指标,考察和探讨了5种不同RNA提取方法对活性污泥总RNA提取效果的影响并最终建立了一种快速、有效的活性污泥RNA提取方法,即在TENP和PBS洗涤沉淀污泥的基础上,分别采用溶菌酶和TRIzol裂解活性污泥细菌、氯仿去除细菌裂解液中的蛋白和大部分DNA、异丙醇沉淀核酸和DNase I水解残留DNA后,最后进一步用离心柱纯化RNA.结果表明,这种方法可以有效提取高质量的菌群RNA,不仅提取的RNA总量多(每g污泥可提取169.6μg RNA)、纯度高、降解程度低、完整性好、具有丰富的生物多样性,而且可同时进行16SrRNA和amoA基因的RT-PCR扩增反应;与其它方法相比,性价比高,具有明显的优越性,适用于活性污泥RNA的大量提取,同时,T-RFLP结果证明RNA提取方法对分析样品的微生物种类和丰度分析结果影响较大,不同的RNA提取方法所获得的微生物群落基因多样性及其种类、丰度均不同.本研究建立了一种快速、有效的高质量RNA提取方法,将在监测活性污泥菌群动态变化、菌群代谢功能学、微生物群落芯片等研究上具有重要意义.     

垃圾渗滤液对黑麦草和高羊茅种子萌发的影响

为了解垃圾渗滤液作培养液时草本植物种子萌发的情况。以黑麦草和高羊茅两种草本植物种子为研究材料,分别研究了垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理站的渗滤液原液、渗滤液生物处理出水以及渗滤液最终出水在6个不同配比的稀释溶液(V渗滤液/V蒸馏水=1/0,3/1,1/1,1/2,1/3,1/4)下对这两种种子萌发的影响。结果显示:随着渗滤液稀释强度的降低,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均增加,V渗滤液/V蒸馏水为1/3时,种子发芽率均为最高,黑麦草种子发芽率达96%,高羊茅种子发芽率达79%。用渗滤液作培养液时,更有利于黑麦草种子的萌发;用最终出水作培养液时,更有利于种子的萌发。这两种不同的渗滤液,在不同配比的稀释浓度下对种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等均具有显著的生理作用。     

污染减排对城市降水和环境空气质量的影响

文章以2005～2008年湖南省二氧化硫、烟尘和工业粉尘的减排情况以及城市环境空气质量监测结果为基础,分析了大气污染减排对湖南省城市降水和城市环境空气质量的影响,阐述了大气污染减排取得的环境效益,为湖南省下一步的污染减排和环境管理政策及措施的制定提供了依据。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌WXZ-8的脱氮产物N_2O和N_2研究

研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌WXZ-8(Bacillus cereus)的异养硝化性能,并采用GC-ECD(Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector)、GC-TCD(Gas Chromatography-Thermal Conductivity Detector)方法分别测定了脱氮过程中的气体产物N2O和N2。为了改进密封反应的溶氧条件,采用纯氧密封摇瓶培养和空气密封摇瓶培养两个对照条件下进行培养。结果表明:(1)空气密封瓶实验条件下,WXZ-8产生的N2O为0.00945mg,N2为9.5005mg,分别占从水体中脱除的氮的0.047%和47.09%,另外,同化合成的氮含量占48.74%;(2)纯氧密封瓶实验条件下,WXZ-8产生的N2O为0.00463mg,N2为9.686mg,分别占从水体中脱除的氮的0.024%与49.57%,同样,同化合成的氮含量占49.23%。两组对照实验表明,WXZ-8菌是一株高效、产生低水平量N2O的性能良好的异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌,且纯氧培养条件更有利于控制N2O的逸出。     

河湖疏浚底泥与固废物好氧堆肥研究

研究了不同比例的河湖底泥与固废物混合物在堆肥过程中温度、pH值、含水率、有机质、全氮和碳氮比[ρ(C)∶ρ(N)]等的变化特征.结果表明:含水率保持在60%左右有利于堆肥的腐熟,过高的含水率延长堆肥的腐熟时间;底泥堆肥有机质质量分数不应低于15%;ρ(C)∶ρ(N)保持在25～30:1.添加猪粪和稻壳效果较好,未屑分解较慢,加入尿素等无机氮肥有利于堆肥的腐熟.     

反渗透用于APT离子交换废水的处理与回用

试验分别研究了反渗透膜Duraslick RO2540和RE2540-TE对APT冶炼离子交换废水的处理效果。研究结果表明,在最佳压力条件下,Duraslick RO2540膜对Cl-的截留率为91.4%,产水率为16.9%;RE2540-TE膜对Cl-的截留率为93.4%,产水率为17.2%。在压力为1.7MPa,温度为25℃时,浓缩实验结果表明,产水中Cl-浓度和膜的截留率随着时间变化而逐渐增加,但膜通量逐渐减小,且RE2540-TE膜通量下降幅度较大。清洗后,RE2540-TE膜通量损失达到6%,而Duraslick RO2540膜通量恢复幅度为98%。